AP Chemistry

Understand the mole concept, Avogadro's number, and how to calculate molar mass and convert between mass, moles, and particles.

Learn about subatomic particles, energy levels, orbitals, and how to write electron configurations for atoms and ions.

Understand and predict trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity across the periodic table.

Understand emission and absorption spectra

Interpret PES data to determine electron configurations, identify elements, and understand relative energies of electrons in different orbitals.

Understand ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, including how electronegativity differences determine bond type and properties.

Draw Lewis structures for molecules and ions, apply the octet rule, identify resonance structures, and calculate formal charges.

Use VSEPR theory to predict molecular shapes, bond angles, and understand the relationship between electron geometry and molecular geometry.

Understand orbital hybridization (sp, sp², sp³, sp³d, sp³d²), distinguish between sigma and pi bonds, and relate hybridization to molecular geometry.

Understand London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding, and predict how they affect physical properties.

Understand the properties of solids, liquids, and gases, including phase changes, vapor pressure, and the relationship to intermolecular forces.

Understand solution formation, "like dissolves like" principle, solubility factors, and colligative properties.

Master the ideal gas law, gas law calculations, partial pressures, kinetic molecular theory, and real gas behavior.

Understand types of mixtures, chromatography, distillation, and techniques for separating components based on physical properties.

Master the classification of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, single and double replacement, combustion, and precipitation reactions.

Master stoichiometric calculations, mole ratios, limiting reactants, theoretical yield, percent yield, and solution stoichiometry.

Learn to write complete ionic and net ionic equations, identify spectator ions, and understand precipitation, acid-base, and gas-forming reactions at the ionic level.

Master oxidation states, identify oxidation and reduction, balance redox equations using half-reaction method, and understand electron transfer in chemical reactions.

Learn to measure reaction rates, determine rate laws experimentally, understand reaction order, and calculate rate constants.

Master integrated rate laws for zero, first, and second order reactions, calculate concentrations over time, and understand half-life concepts.

Understand activation energy, collision theory, the Arrhenius equation, and how temperature affects reaction rates.

Understand multi-step mechanisms, rate-determining steps, intermediates, and how mechanisms relate to observed rate laws.

Understand heat, enthalpy changes, calorimetry, Hess's law, and standard enthalpies of formation.

Understand entropy as disorder, predict entropy changes, and learn the second and third laws of thermodynamics.

Master Gibbs free energy, predict reaction spontaneity, and understand the relationship between ΔG, ΔH, ΔS, and temperature.

Write equilibrium expressions and calculate Kc and Kp for reversible reactions.

Predict how changes in conditions affect equilibrium position.

Understand Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories; master pH, pOH, and the pH scale.

Understand weak acid/base equilibria, acid and base dissociation constants (K_a and K_b), and percent ionization.

Master buffer systems, calculate buffer pH using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and understand buffer capacity.

Master titration curves, equivalence points, and choosing appropriate indicators for acid-base titrations.

Apply Gibbs free energy to predict spontaneity and relate to equilibrium constants.

Connect thermodynamics to electrochemistry and real-world applications.

Understand reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium, and equilibrium constant expressions (K_c and K_p).

Use Q to predict reaction direction and apply Le Chatelier's principle to predict equilibrium shifts.

Master ICE tables to solve equilibrium problems and calculate equilibrium concentrations from initial conditions.

Understand solubility product constant (K_sp), predict precipitation, and calculate solubility from K_sp.

Calculate Ksp and predict precipitation

Understand voltaic cells, half-reactions, standard reduction potentials, and calculating cell voltage.

Use the Nernst equation to calculate cell potential under non-standard conditions and relate E to equilibrium constant K.

Explore electrolysis, compare galvanic vs electrolytic cells, and use Faraday's laws for quantitative calculations.