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AP Chemistry

Explore atomic structure, chemical bonding, states of matter, reactions, kinetics, thermodynamics, and equilibrium.

9 Categories

35 Topics

Atomic Structure and Properties

Moles, atomic structure, electron configuration, and periodic trends

Moles and Molar Mass

Understand the mole concept, Avogadro's number, and how to calculate molar mass and convert between mass, moles, and particles.

Atomic Structure and Electron Configuration

Learn about subatomic particles, energy levels, orbitals, and how to write electron configurations for atoms and ions.

Periodic Trends

Understand and predict trends in atomic radius, ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity across the periodic table.

Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES)

Interpret PES data to determine electron configurations, identify elements, and understand relative energies of electrons in different orbitals.

Molecular and Ionic Compound Structure and Properties

Chemical bonding, molecular geometry, and intermolecular forces

Types of Chemical Bonds

Understand ionic, covalent, and metallic bonds, including how electronegativity differences determine bond type and properties.

Lewis Structures and Formal Charge

Draw Lewis structures for molecules and ions, apply the octet rule, identify resonance structures, and calculate formal charges.

VSEPR Theory and Molecular Geometry

Use VSEPR theory to predict molecular shapes, bond angles, and understand the relationship between electron geometry and molecular geometry.

Hybridization and Sigma/Pi Bonds

Understand orbital hybridization (sp, sp², sp³, sp³d, sp³d²), distinguish between sigma and pi bonds, and relate hybridization to molecular geometry.

Intermolecular Forces and Properties

Properties of solids, liquids, and gases based on intermolecular forces

Types of Intermolecular Forces

Understand London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding, and predict how they affect physical properties.

Properties of Solids, Liquids, and Gases

Understand the properties of solids, liquids, and gases, including phase changes, vapor pressure, and the relationship to intermolecular forces.

Solutions and Solubility

Understand solution formation, "like dissolves like" principle, solubility factors, and colligative properties.

Ideal Gas Law and Gas Properties

Master the ideal gas law, gas law calculations, partial pressures, kinetic molecular theory, and real gas behavior.

Mixtures and Separation Techniques

Understand types of mixtures, chromatography, distillation, and techniques for separating components based on physical properties.

Chemical Reactions

Types of reactions, stoichiometry, and balancing equations

Types of Chemical Reactions

Master the classification of chemical reactions including synthesis, decomposition, single and double replacement, combustion, and precipitation reactions.

Stoichiometry and Limiting Reactants

Master stoichiometric calculations, mole ratios, limiting reactants, theoretical yield, percent yield, and solution stoichiometry.

Net Ionic Equations and Spectator Ions

Learn to write complete ionic and net ionic equations, identify spectator ions, and understand precipitation, acid-base, and gas-forming reactions at the ionic level.

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox) Reactions

Master oxidation states, identify oxidation and reduction, balance redox equations using half-reaction method, and understand electron transfer in chemical reactions.

Kinetics

Reaction rates, rate laws, and reaction mechanisms

Reaction Rates and Rate Laws

Learn to measure reaction rates, determine rate laws experimentally, understand reaction order, and calculate rate constants.

Integrated Rate Laws and Half-Life

Master integrated rate laws for zero, first, and second order reactions, calculate concentrations over time, and understand half-life concepts.

Activation Energy and Temperature Effects

Understand activation energy, collision theory, the Arrhenius equation, and how temperature affects reaction rates.

Reaction Mechanisms and Intermediates

Understand multi-step mechanisms, rate-determining steps, intermediates, and how mechanisms relate to observed rate laws.

Thermodynamics

Energy changes, enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy

Enthalpy and Calorimetry

Understand heat, enthalpy changes, calorimetry, Hess's law, and standard enthalpies of formation.

Entropy and the Second Law

Understand entropy as disorder, predict entropy changes, and learn the second and third laws of thermodynamics.

Gibbs Free Energy and Spontaneity

Master Gibbs free energy, predict reaction spontaneity, and understand the relationship between ΔG, ΔH, ΔS, and temperature.

Acids and Bases

pH, acid-base theories, titrations, and buffer solutions

Acid-Base Theories and pH Scale

Understand Arrhenius, Brønsted-Lowry, and Lewis theories; master pH, pOH, and the pH scale.

Weak Acids, Weak Bases, and K_a/K_b

Understand weak acid/base equilibria, acid and base dissociation constants (K_a and K_b), and percent ionization.

Buffer Solutions and Henderson-Hasselbalch

Master buffer systems, calculate buffer pH using Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, and understand buffer capacity.

Acid-Base Titrations and Indicators

Master titration curves, equivalence points, and choosing appropriate indicators for acid-base titrations.

Chemical Equilibrium

Master equilibrium constants, Le Chatelier's principle, and equilibrium calculations.

Introduction to Chemical Equilibrium

Understand reversible reactions, dynamic equilibrium, and equilibrium constant expressions (K_c and K_p).

Reaction Quotient and Le Chatelier's Principle

Use Q to predict reaction direction and apply Le Chatelier's principle to predict equilibrium shifts.

ICE Tables and Equilibrium Calculations

Master ICE tables to solve equilibrium problems and calculate equilibrium concentrations from initial conditions.

Solubility Equilibria and K_sp

Understand solubility product constant (K_sp), predict precipitation, and calculate solubility from K_sp.

Electrochemistry

Master galvanic cells, cell potentials, the Nernst equation, and electrolytic cells.