## Incomplete & Codominance

Part 1 of 7 — Incomplete & Codominance

1. Incomplete dominance: heterozygote is intermediate (red × white = pink)
2. Codominance: both alleles fully expressed (AB blood type)
3. Neither follows simple dominant/recessive pattern
4. Modified phenotypic ratios: 1:2:1 instead of 3:1

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### Key Details

• Incomplete dominance: heterozygote is intermediate (red × white = pink)
• Codominance: both alleles fully expressed (AB blood type)
• Neither follows simple dominant/recessive pattern
• Modified phenotypic ratios: 1:2:1 instead of 3:1

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## Multiple Alleles & Polygenic

Part 2 of 7 — Multiple Alleles & Polygenic

1. Multiple alleles: more than 2 alleles in population (ABO blood type: Iᴬ, Iᴮ, i)
2. Polygenic traits: multiple genes affect one trait
3. Examples: skin color, height, eye color
4. Polygenic traits show continuous variation (bell curve)

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### Key Details

• Multiple alleles: more than 2 alleles in population (ABO blood type: Iᴬ, Iᴮ, i)
• Polygenic traits: multiple genes affect one trait
• Examples: skin color, height, eye color
• Polygenic traits show continuous variation (bell curve)

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## Epistasis

Part 3 of 7 — Epistasis

1. One gene masks the expression of another
2. Example: coat color in Labrador retrievers (E gene masks B gene)
3. Modified dihybrid ratios: 9:3:4, 12:3:1, 9:7
4. Different from dominance (which is within one gene)

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### Key Details

• One gene masks the expression of another
• Example: coat color in Labrador retrievers (E gene masks B gene)
• Modified dihybrid ratios: 9:3:4, 12:3:1, 9:7
• Different from dominance (which is within one gene)

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## Sex-Linked Traits

Part 4 of 7 — Sex-Linked Traits

1. X-linked traits: genes on X chromosome
2. Males (XY) express all X-linked alleles (hemizygous)
3. Females (XX) can be carriers of recessive X-linked traits
4. Examples: color blindness, hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy

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### Key Details

• X-linked traits: genes on X chromosome
• Males (XY) express all X-linked alleles (hemizygous)
• Females (XX) can be carriers of recessive X-linked traits
• Examples: color blindness, hemophilia, Duchenne muscular dystrophy

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## Environmental Effects on Phenotype

Part 5 of 7 — Environmental Effects on Phenotype

1. Phenotype = genotype + environment
2. Temperature-sensitive alleles: Siamese cats
3. Nutrition affects height (polygenic)
4. Epigenetics: environmental factors affect gene expression

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### Key Details

• Phenotype = genotype + environment
• Temperature-sensitive alleles: Siamese cats
• Nutrition affects height (polygenic)
• Epigenetics: environmental factors affect gene expression

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## Non-Mendelian Genetics: Problem-Solving Workshop

Part 6 of 7 — Problem-Solving

1. Identifying inheritance patterns from crosses
2. Solving X-linked inheritance problems
3. Distinguishing codominance from incomplete dominance
4. Analyzing polygenic trait distributions

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### Key Details

• Identifying inheritance patterns from crosses
• Solving X-linked inheritance problems
• Distinguishing codominance from incomplete dominance
• Analyzing polygenic trait distributions

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## Non-Mendelian Genetics: Synthesis & AP Review

Part 7 of 7 — Synthesis & AP Review

1. Non-Mendelian patterns expand Mendel's laws
2. Multiple genes and environment create phenotypic diversity
3. Sex-linked traits on the AP exam
4. Connecting to evolution and natural selection

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### Key Details

• Non-Mendelian patterns expand Mendel's laws
• Multiple genes and environment create phenotypic diversity
• Sex-linked traits on the AP exam
• Connecting to evolution and natural selection

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