Explain three types of non-Mendelian inheritance: (a) incomplete dominance (use snapdragons as example), (b) codominance (use human ABO blood types), and (c) polygenic inheritance (use human skin color). Include genotypes, phenotypes, and ratios.
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Non-Mendelian Inheritance Patterns:
(a) Incomplete Dominance:
Definition: Heterozygote shows INTERMEDIATE phenotype between two homozygotes
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Example: Roan cattle
RR = Red coat
WW = White coat
RW = Roan (both red and white hairs)
Multiple Alleles
More than two alleles exist for a gene in population
Individual still has only two alleles
ABO Blood Type:
Three alleles: I^A, I^B, i
I^A and I^B are codominant
Both dominant to i
6 possible genotypes:
I^A I^A, I^A i → Type A
I^B I^B, I^B i → Type B
I^A I^B → Type AB
ii → Type O
Polygenic Inheritance
Multiple genes control one trait
Produces continuous variation
Range of phenotypes
Examples:
Height: controlled by many genes
Skin color: controlled by 3-4 genes
Eye color: multiple genes
Intelligence: highly polygenic
Characteristics:
Bell curve distribution
Environmental influence common
Quantitative trait
Pleiotropy
One gene affects multiple traits
Example: Sickle cell disease
Single gene mutation (hemoglobin)
Multiple effects:
Sickle-shaped red blood cells
Anemia
Pain crises
Organ damage
Malaria resistance (heterozygotes)
Example: PKU (phenylketonuria)
One enzyme deficiency
Affects: brain development, skin pigmentation, hair color
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