Amino Acids & Proteins

⚗️ Amino Acids Proteins

Part 1 of 7 — Amino Acid Structure

1. 20 standard amino acids with α-amino and α-carboxyl groups

20 standard amino acids with α-amino and α-carboxyl groups

2. All except glycine are chiral (L-configuration in nature)

All except glycine are chiral (L-configuration in nature)

3. R groups determine properties

nonpolar, polar, charged

4. Essential amino acids must be obtained from diet

Essential amino acids must be obtained from diet

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Key Concepts Summary

• 20 standard amino acids with α-amino and α-carboxyl groups
• All except glycine are chiral (L-configuration in nature)
• R groups determine properties: nonpolar, polar, charged
• Essential amino acids must be obtained from diet

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Acid-Base Properties

Part 2 of 7 — Acid-Base Properties

1. Amino acids are zwitterions at physiological pH

Amino acids are zwitterions at physiological pH

2. Isoelectric point (pI)

pH at which net charge = 0

3. Below pI

amino acid is cationic (+1)

4. Above pI

amino acid is anionic (-1)

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Key Concepts Summary

• Amino acids are zwitterions at physiological pH
• Isoelectric point (pI): pH at which net charge = 0
• Below pI: amino acid is cationic (+1)
• Above pI: amino acid is anionic (-1)

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Peptide Bonds

Part 3 of 7 — Peptide Bonds

1. Peptide bond

amide bond between amino acids

2. Formed by condensation (dehydration) reaction

Formed by condensation (dehydration) reaction

3. Peptide bond is planar (partial double bond character from resonance)

Peptide bond is planar (partial double bond character from resonance)

4. N-terminus (amino end) and C-terminus (carboxyl end)

N-terminus (amino end) and C-terminus (carboxyl end)

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Key Concepts Summary

• Peptide bond: amide bond between amino acids
• Formed by condensation (dehydration) reaction
• Peptide bond is planar (partial double bond character from resonance)
• N-terminus (amino end) and C-terminus (carboxyl end)

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Protein Structure Levels

Part 4 of 7 — Protein Structure Levels

1. Primary

amino acid sequence

2. Secondary

α-helix and β-pleated sheet (H-bonds)

3. Tertiary

3D folding (R-group interactions)

4. Quaternary

multiple polypeptide chains together

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Key Concepts Summary

• Primary: amino acid sequence
• Secondary: α-helix and β-pleated sheet (H-bonds)
• Tertiary: 3D folding (R-group interactions)
• Quaternary: multiple polypeptide chains together

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Amino Acid Reactions

Part 5 of 7 — Amino Acid Reactions

1. Strecker synthesis

aldehyde + NH₃ + HCN → amino acid

2. Gabriel malonic ester synthesis

phthalimide route

3. Ninhydrin test

detects amino acids (purple color)

4. Edman degradation

sequencing from N-terminus

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Key Concepts Summary

• Strecker synthesis: aldehyde + NH₃ + HCN → amino acid
• Gabriel malonic ester synthesis: phthalimide route
• Ninhydrin test: detects amino acids (purple color)
• Edman degradation: sequencing from N-terminus

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Problem-Solving Workshop

Part 6 of 7 — Problem-Solving Workshop

1. Determining amino acid charge at different pH values

Determining amino acid charge at different pH values

2. Drawing peptide structures

Drawing peptide structures

3. Predicting protein structure from sequence

Predicting protein structure from sequence

4. Analyzing electrophoresis results

Analyzing electrophoresis results

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Key Concepts Summary

• Determining amino acid charge at different pH values
• Drawing peptide structures
• Predicting protein structure from sequence
• Analyzing electrophoresis results

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Synthesis & Review

Part 7 of 7 — Synthesis & Review

1. Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins

2. Acid-base chemistry determines amino acid behavior

Acid-base chemistry determines amino acid behavior

3. Protein structure determines function

Protein structure determines function

4. Review

amino acid chemistry and protein structure

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Key Concepts Summary

• Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins
• Acid-base chemistry determines amino acid behavior
• Protein structure determines function
• Review: amino acid chemistry and protein structure

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