## Central Dogma

Part 1 of 7 — Central Dogma

1. DNA → RNA → Protein
2. Transcription: DNA → mRNA
3. Translation: mRNA → protein
4. Exceptions: retroviruses (RNA → DNA via reverse transcriptase)

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### Key Details

• DNA → RNA → Protein
• Transcription: DNA → mRNA
• Translation: mRNA → protein
• Exceptions: retroviruses (RNA → DNA via reverse transcriptase)

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## Transcription

Part 2 of 7 — Transcription

1. RNA polymerase reads template strand 3'→5'
2. mRNA is synthesized 5'→3'
3. Promoter: TATA box, signals start of transcription
4. Terminator: signals end of transcription

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### Key Details

• RNA polymerase reads template strand 3'→5'
• mRNA is synthesized 5'→3'
• Promoter: TATA box, signals start of transcription
• Terminator: signals end of transcription

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## RNA Processing

Part 3 of 7 — RNA Processing

1. 5' cap: modified G nucleotide (stability, ribosome recognition)
2. Poly-A tail: ~200 adenines at 3' end (stability)
3. Splicing: introns removed, exons joined
4. Alternative splicing: one gene → multiple proteins

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### Key Details

• 5' cap: modified G nucleotide (stability, ribosome recognition)
• Poly-A tail: ~200 adenines at 3' end (stability)
• Splicing: introns removed, exons joined
• Alternative splicing: one gene → multiple proteins

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## Translation

Part 4 of 7 — Translation

1. Ribosomes read mRNA codons (triplets of nucleotides)
2. tRNA carries amino acids; anticodon pairs with codon
3. Start codon: AUG (methionine)
4. Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA

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### Key Details

• Ribosomes read mRNA codons (triplets of nucleotides)
• tRNA carries amino acids; anticodon pairs with codon
• Start codon: AUG (methionine)
• Stop codons: UAA, UAG, UGA

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## Post-Translational Modification

Part 5 of 7 — Post-Translational Modification

1. Protein folding (chaperones assist)
2. Chemical modifications: phosphorylation, glycosylation
3. Proteolytic cleavage (e.g., insulin from proinsulin)
4. Protein targeting and sorting

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### Key Details

• Protein folding (chaperones assist)
• Chemical modifications: phosphorylation, glycosylation
• Proteolytic cleavage (e.g., insulin from proinsulin)
• Protein targeting and sorting

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## Transcription & Translation: Problem-Solving Workshop

Part 6 of 7 — Problem-Solving

1. Using the genetic code table
2. Predicting effects of mutations on proteins
3. Tracing from DNA to mRNA to protein
4. Identifying frameshift vs point mutations

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### Key Details

• Using the genetic code table
• Predicting effects of mutations on proteins
• Tracing from DNA to mRNA to protein
• Identifying frameshift vs point mutations

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## Transcription & Translation: Synthesis & AP Review

Part 7 of 7 — Synthesis & AP Review

1. Central dogma applications
2. Mutation types and consequences
3. Gene expression regulation points
4. AP exam: codon table practice

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### Key Details

• Central dogma applications
• Mutation types and consequences
• Gene expression regulation points
• AP exam: codon table practice

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