## Light Reactions Overview

Part 1 of 7 — Light Reactions Overview

1. Occur in thylakoid membranes
2. Light energy → ATP + NADPH + O₂
3. Water is split (photolysis): 2H₂O → 4H⁺ + 4e⁻ + O₂
4. Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light, reflects green

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### Key Details

• Occur in thylakoid membranes
• Light energy → ATP + NADPH + O₂
• Water is split (photolysis): 2H₂O → 4H⁺ + 4e⁻ + O₂
• Chlorophyll absorbs red and blue light, reflects green

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## Photosystems I & II

Part 2 of 7 — Photosystems I & II

1. PS II (P680): splits water, passes electrons to ETC
2. PS I (P700): reduces NADP⁺ to NADPH
3. Non-cyclic electron flow: H₂O → PS II → ETC → PS I → NADPH
4. Cyclic electron flow: PS I only, produces ATP only

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### Key Details

• PS II (P680): splits water, passes electrons to ETC
• PS I (P700): reduces NADP⁺ to NADPH
• Non-cyclic electron flow: H₂O → PS II → ETC → PS I → NADPH
• Cyclic electron flow: PS I only, produces ATP only

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## Calvin Cycle

Part 3 of 7 — Calvin Cycle

1. Occurs in stroma of chloroplast
2. Carbon fixation: CO₂ + RuBP → 2 G3P (by RuBisCO)
3. 3 CO₂ → 1 G3P → glucose
4. Uses 9 ATP and 6 NADPH per G3P

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### Key Details

• Occurs in stroma of chloroplast
• Carbon fixation: CO₂ + RuBP → 2 G3P (by RuBisCO)
• 3 CO₂ → 1 G3P → glucose
• Uses 9 ATP and 6 NADPH per G3P

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## C4 & CAM Plants

Part 4 of 7 — C4 & CAM Plants

1. C3 plants: Calvin cycle directly (most plants)
2. C4 plants: fix CO₂ in mesophyll, Calvin cycle in bundle sheath
3. CAM plants: fix CO₂ at night, Calvin cycle by day
4. C4 and CAM adaptations reduce photorespiration

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### Key Details

• C3 plants: Calvin cycle directly (most plants)
• C4 plants: fix CO₂ in mesophyll, Calvin cycle in bundle sheath
• CAM plants: fix CO₂ at night, Calvin cycle by day
• C4 and CAM adaptations reduce photorespiration

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## Photosynthesis vs Respiration

Part 5 of 7 — Photosynthesis vs Respiration

1. Photosynthesis: light energy → chemical energy (glucose)
2. Respiration: chemical energy → ATP
3. Complementary processes: products of one feed the other
4. Both use chemiosmosis and electron transport

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### Key Details

• Photosynthesis: light energy → chemical energy (glucose)
• Respiration: chemical energy → ATP
• Complementary processes: products of one feed the other
• Both use chemiosmosis and electron transport

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## Photosynthesis: Problem-Solving Workshop

Part 6 of 7 — Problem-Solving

1. Interpreting absorption spectra
2. Predicting effects of light color on photosynthesis rate
3. Experimental design with photosynthesis variables
4. Calculating net vs gross photosynthesis

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### Key Details

• Interpreting absorption spectra
• Predicting effects of light color on photosynthesis rate
• Experimental design with photosynthesis variables
• Calculating net vs gross photosynthesis

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## Photosynthesis: Synthesis & AP Review

Part 7 of 7 — Synthesis & AP Review

1. Connection between light reactions and Calvin cycle
2. Energy transformations: light → chemical → ATP
3. Environmental factors affecting photosynthesis rate
4. Comparing C3, C4, and CAM strategies

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### Key Details

• Connection between light reactions and Calvin cycle
• Energy transformations: light → chemical → ATP
• Environmental factors affecting photosynthesis rate
• Comparing C3, C4, and CAM strategies

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