## Darwin's Theory

Part 1 of 7 — Darwin's Theory

1. Variation exists within populations
2. More offspring produced than can survive
3. Individuals with favorable traits survive and reproduce more
4. Favorable traits are inherited → population changes over time

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### Key Details

• Variation exists within populations
• More offspring produced than can survive
• Individuals with favorable traits survive and reproduce more
• Favorable traits are inherited → population changes over time

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## Mechanisms of Natural Selection

Part 2 of 7 — Mechanisms of Natural Selection

1. Differential reproductive success
2. Selection acts on phenotypes, not genotypes
3. Environment determines which traits are favorable
4. Natural selection is the only mechanism that leads to adaptation

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### Key Details

• Differential reproductive success
• Selection acts on phenotypes, not genotypes
• Environment determines which traits are favorable
• Natural selection is the only mechanism that leads to adaptation

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## Types of Selection

Part 3 of 7 — Types of Selection

1. Directional: favors one extreme phenotype
2. Stabilizing: favors intermediate phenotype
3. Disruptive: favors both extremes
4. Sexual selection: traits that increase mating success

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### Key Details

• Directional: favors one extreme phenotype
• Stabilizing: favors intermediate phenotype
• Disruptive: favors both extremes
• Sexual selection: traits that increase mating success

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## Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

Part 4 of 7 — Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

1. Conditions: large population, no migration, no mutation, random mating, no selection
2. Allele frequencies: p + q = 1
3. Genotype frequencies: p² + 2pq + q² = 1
4. Violations indicate evolution is occurring

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### Key Details

• Conditions: large population, no migration, no mutation, random mating, no selection
• Allele frequencies: p + q = 1
• Genotype frequencies: p² + 2pq + q² = 1
• Violations indicate evolution is occurring

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## Genetic Drift & Gene Flow

Part 5 of 7 — Genetic Drift & Gene Flow

1. Genetic drift: random changes in allele frequency (stronger in small populations)
2. Bottleneck effect: population crash reduces genetic diversity
3. Founder effect: small group colonizes new area
4. Gene flow: migration of alleles between populations

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### Key Details

• Genetic drift: random changes in allele frequency (stronger in small populations)
• Bottleneck effect: population crash reduces genetic diversity
• Founder effect: small group colonizes new area
• Gene flow: migration of alleles between populations

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## Natural Selection: Problem-Solving Workshop

Part 6 of 7 — Problem-Solving

1. Hardy-Weinberg calculations
2. Identifying types of selection from data
3. Analyzing allele frequency changes
4. Predicting evolutionary outcomes

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### Key Details

• Hardy-Weinberg calculations
• Identifying types of selection from data
• Analyzing allele frequency changes
• Predicting evolutionary outcomes

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## Natural Selection: Synthesis & AP Review

Part 7 of 7 — Synthesis & AP Review

1. Five agents of evolution
2. Natural selection vs genetic drift
3. Hardy-Weinberg as null hypothesis
4. AP exam: mathematical analysis of evolution

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### Key Details

• Five agents of evolution
• Natural selection vs genetic drift
• Hardy-Weinberg as null hypothesis
• AP exam: mathematical analysis of evolution

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