Natural Selection and Evolution

Natural Selection and Adaptation: Darwin's Theory

  **Part 1 of 7**
  
  In this lesson, you will connect mechanism-level biology to exam-ready reasoning through population shifts after environmental change.
  
  ### Worked biological example
  A student team investigates population shifts after environmental change. Their first interpretation step is to identify how **natural selection** and **selection pressure** work together in the same pathway.
  
  - They classify the primary signal using **natural selection**: differential survival and reproduction tied to heritable variation.
  - They trace the downstream response using **selection pressure**: environmental factor influencing reproductive success.
  - They then compare outcomes with **adaptation** and **sexual selection** to separate mechanism from correlation.
  
  ### Key terms for this part
  - **natural selection**
  - **selection pressure**
  - **adaptation**
  - **sexual selection**

Checkpoint MCQ (2 questions)

Deep-Dive Map: Darwin's Theory

  Use this diagram-style summary to track causation and evidence.
  
  #### Flow logic
  - **Signal/Input** → natural selection
  - **Immediate processing** → selection pressure
  - **System-level consequence** → adaptation
  - **Measured readout** → sexual selection
  
  #### Mechanism table
  | Component | Biological role | Typical evidence pattern |
  |---|---|---|
  | natural selection | differential survival and reproduction tied to heritable variation | Early shift in the primary variable |
  | selection pressure | environmental factor influencing reproductive success | Mid-pathway change in process rate |
  | adaptation | trait increasing fitness in a specific environment | Downstream phenotype trend |
  | sexual selection | selection driven by mating success differences | Quantifiable endpoint in data summary |
  
  #### Reasoning checkpoints
  1. Name the mechanism before describing the trend line.
  2. Separate proximate mechanism from ecological or historical context.
  3. Verify that each claim is tied to a measurable biological readout.

Input Practice — concrete vocabulary retrieval

  Fill in each blank with the exact biological term.
  
  1) Term for this definition: **differential survival and reproduction tied to heritable variation**
  2) Term for this definition: **environmental factor influencing reproductive success**
  3) Term for this definition: **trait increasing fitness in a specific environment**

Dropdown matching (3 prompts)

ACT/AP strategy and misconception repair

  On ACT/AP style prompts, score gains come from linking vocabulary to evidence, not from isolated memorization.
  
  #### Strategy sequence
  1. **Name the mechanism first**: identify whether the item is asking for process, structure, regulation, or population effect.
  2. **Use a causation sentence**: "Because natural selection differential survival and reproduction tied to heritable variation, we expect ...".
  3. **Audit units and scale**: molecular claims, cellular claims, and ecosystem claims should not be mixed.
  
  #### Common misconceptions to avoid
  - Individuals do not evolve genetically within a lifetime; populations evolve across generations.
  - Selection acts on phenotypes, while evolution is tracked through allele frequencies.
  - Hardy-Weinberg is a baseline comparison, not a claim that real populations are static.
  
  #### Exam execution tip
  When two answer choices sound plausible, prefer the one that includes a direct mechanism and a measurable biological consequence.

Final application MCQ (2 questions)

Natural Selection and Adaptation: Types of Selection

  **Part 2 of 7**
  
  In this lesson, you will connect mechanism-level biology to exam-ready reasoning through stabilizing and directional selection data.
  
  ### Worked biological example
  A student team investigates stabilizing and directional selection data. Their first interpretation step is to identify how **selection pressure** and **adaptation** work together in the same pathway.
  
  - They classify the primary signal using **selection pressure**: environmental factor influencing reproductive success.
  - They trace the downstream response using **adaptation**: trait increasing fitness in a specific environment.
  - They then compare outcomes with **sexual selection** and **allele frequency** to separate mechanism from correlation.
  
  ### Key terms for this part
  - **selection pressure**
  - **adaptation**
  - **sexual selection**
  - **allele frequency**

Checkpoint MCQ (2 questions)

Deep-Dive Map: Types of Selection

  Use this diagram-style summary to track causation and evidence.
  
  #### Flow logic
  - **Signal/Input** → selection pressure
  - **Immediate processing** → adaptation
  - **System-level consequence** → sexual selection
  - **Measured readout** → allele frequency
  
  #### Mechanism table
  | Component | Biological role | Typical evidence pattern |
  |---|---|---|
  | selection pressure | environmental factor influencing reproductive success | Early shift in the primary variable |
  | adaptation | trait increasing fitness in a specific environment | Mid-pathway change in process rate |
  | sexual selection | selection driven by mating success differences | Downstream phenotype trend |
  | allele frequency | proportion of a specific allele in a population | Quantifiable endpoint in data summary |
  
  #### Reasoning checkpoints
  1. Name the mechanism before describing the trend line.
  2. Separate proximate mechanism from ecological or historical context.
  3. Verify that each claim is tied to a measurable biological readout.

Input Practice — concrete vocabulary retrieval

  Fill in each blank with the exact biological term.
  
  1) Term for this definition: **environmental factor influencing reproductive success**
  2) Term for this definition: **trait increasing fitness in a specific environment**
  3) Term for this definition: **selection driven by mating success differences**

Natural Selection and Adaptation: Sexual Selection

  **Part 3 of 7**
  
  In this lesson, you will connect mechanism-level biology to exam-ready reasoning through mate-choice effects on trait frequencies.
  
  ### Worked biological example
  A student team investigates mate-choice effects on trait frequencies. Their first interpretation step is to identify how **adaptation** and **sexual selection** work together in the same pathway.
  
  - They classify the primary signal using **adaptation**: trait increasing fitness in a specific environment.
  - They trace the downstream response using **sexual selection**: selection driven by mating success differences.
  - They then compare outcomes with **allele frequency** and **Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium** to separate mechanism from correlation.
  
  ### Key terms for this part
  - **adaptation**
  - **sexual selection**
  - **allele frequency**
  - **Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium**

Checkpoint MCQ (2 questions)

Deep-Dive Map: Sexual Selection

  Use this diagram-style summary to track causation and evidence.
  
  #### Flow logic
  - **Signal/Input** → adaptation
  - **Immediate processing** → sexual selection
  - **System-level consequence** → allele frequency
  - **Measured readout** → Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
  
  #### Mechanism table
  | Component | Biological role | Typical evidence pattern |
  |---|---|---|
  | adaptation | trait increasing fitness in a specific environment | Early shift in the primary variable |
  | sexual selection | selection driven by mating success differences | Mid-pathway change in process rate |
  | allele frequency | proportion of a specific allele in a population | Downstream phenotype trend |
  | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | null model where allele frequencies remain constant | Quantifiable endpoint in data summary |
  
  #### Reasoning checkpoints
  1. Name the mechanism before describing the trend line.
  2. Separate proximate mechanism from ecological or historical context.
  3. Verify that each claim is tied to a measurable biological readout.

Input Practice — concrete vocabulary retrieval

  Fill in each blank with the exact biological term.
  
  1) Term for this definition: **trait increasing fitness in a specific environment**
  2) Term for this definition: **selection driven by mating success differences**
  3) Term for this definition: **proportion of a specific allele in a population**

Natural Selection and Adaptation: Adaptation Mechanisms

  **Part 4 of 7**
  
  In this lesson, you will connect mechanism-level biology to exam-ready reasoning through adaptive trait mechanisms under stress.
  
  ### Worked biological example
  A student team investigates adaptive trait mechanisms under stress. Their first interpretation step is to identify how **sexual selection** and **allele frequency** work together in the same pathway.
  
  - They classify the primary signal using **sexual selection**: selection driven by mating success differences.
  - They trace the downstream response using **allele frequency**: proportion of a specific allele in a population.
  - They then compare outcomes with **Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium** and **genetic drift** to separate mechanism from correlation.
  
  ### Key terms for this part
  - **sexual selection**
  - **allele frequency**
  - **Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium**
  - **genetic drift**

Checkpoint MCQ (2 questions)

Deep-Dive Map: Adaptation Mechanisms

  Use this diagram-style summary to track causation and evidence.
  
  #### Flow logic
  - **Signal/Input** → sexual selection
  - **Immediate processing** → allele frequency
  - **System-level consequence** → Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
  - **Measured readout** → genetic drift
  
  #### Mechanism table
  | Component | Biological role | Typical evidence pattern |
  |---|---|---|
  | sexual selection | selection driven by mating success differences | Early shift in the primary variable |
  | allele frequency | proportion of a specific allele in a population | Mid-pathway change in process rate |
  | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | null model where allele frequencies remain constant | Downstream phenotype trend |
  | genetic drift | random allele frequency change strongest in small populations | Quantifiable endpoint in data summary |
  
  #### Reasoning checkpoints
  1. Name the mechanism before describing the trend line.
  2. Separate proximate mechanism from ecological or historical context.
  3. Verify that each claim is tied to a measurable biological readout.

Input Practice — concrete vocabulary retrieval

  Fill in each blank with the exact biological term.
  
  1) Term for this definition: **selection driven by mating success differences**
  2) Term for this definition: **proportion of a specific allele in a population**
  3) Term for this definition: **null model where allele frequencies remain constant**

Natural Selection and Adaptation: Hardy-Weinberg

  **Part 5 of 7**
  
  In this lesson, you will connect mechanism-level biology to exam-ready reasoning through Hardy-Weinberg model checks with allele frequencies.
  
  ### Worked biological example
  A student team investigates Hardy-Weinberg model checks with allele frequencies. Their first interpretation step is to identify how **allele frequency** and **Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium** work together in the same pathway.
  
  - They classify the primary signal using **allele frequency**: proportion of a specific allele in a population.
  - They trace the downstream response using **Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium**: null model where allele frequencies remain constant.
  - They then compare outcomes with **genetic drift** and **gene flow** to separate mechanism from correlation.
  
  ### Key terms for this part
  - **allele frequency**
  - **Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium**
  - **genetic drift**
  - **gene flow**

Checkpoint MCQ (2 questions)

Deep-Dive Map: Hardy-Weinberg

  Use this diagram-style summary to track causation and evidence.
  
  #### Flow logic
  - **Signal/Input** → allele frequency
  - **Immediate processing** → Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
  - **System-level consequence** → genetic drift
  - **Measured readout** → gene flow
  
  #### Mechanism table
  | Component | Biological role | Typical evidence pattern |
  |---|---|---|
  | allele frequency | proportion of a specific allele in a population | Early shift in the primary variable |
  | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | null model where allele frequencies remain constant | Mid-pathway change in process rate |
  | genetic drift | random allele frequency change strongest in small populations | Downstream phenotype trend |
  | gene flow | allele movement among populations through migration | Quantifiable endpoint in data summary |
  
  #### Reasoning checkpoints
  1. Name the mechanism before describing the trend line.
  2. Separate proximate mechanism from ecological or historical context.
  3. Verify that each claim is tied to a measurable biological readout.

Input Practice — concrete vocabulary retrieval

  Fill in each blank with the exact biological term.
  
  1) Term for this definition: **proportion of a specific allele in a population**
  2) Term for this definition: **null model where allele frequencies remain constant**
  3) Term for this definition: **random allele frequency change strongest in small populations**

Natural Selection and Adaptation: Problem-Solving Workshop

  **Part 6 of 7**
  
  In this lesson, you will connect mechanism-level biology to exam-ready reasoning through multi-factor evolutionary data interpretation.
  
  ### Worked biological example
  A student team investigates multi-factor evolutionary data interpretation. Their first interpretation step is to identify how **Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium** and **genetic drift** work together in the same pathway.
  
  - They classify the primary signal using **Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium**: null model where allele frequencies remain constant.
  - They trace the downstream response using **genetic drift**: random allele frequency change strongest in small populations.
  - They then compare outcomes with **gene flow** and **evolution** to separate mechanism from correlation.
  
  ### Key terms for this part
  - **Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium**
  - **genetic drift**
  - **gene flow**
  - **evolution**

Checkpoint MCQ (2 questions)

Deep-Dive Map: Problem-Solving Workshop

  Use this diagram-style summary to track causation and evidence.
  
  #### Flow logic
  - **Signal/Input** → Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium
  - **Immediate processing** → genetic drift
  - **System-level consequence** → gene flow
  - **Measured readout** → evolution
  
  #### Mechanism table
  | Component | Biological role | Typical evidence pattern |
  |---|---|---|
  | Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium | null model where allele frequencies remain constant | Early shift in the primary variable |
  | genetic drift | random allele frequency change strongest in small populations | Mid-pathway change in process rate |
  | gene flow | allele movement among populations through migration | Downstream phenotype trend |
  | evolution | change in population allele frequencies over generations | Quantifiable endpoint in data summary |
  
  #### Reasoning checkpoints
  1. Name the mechanism before describing the trend line.
  2. Separate proximate mechanism from ecological or historical context.
  3. Verify that each claim is tied to a measurable biological readout.

Input Practice — concrete vocabulary retrieval

  Fill in each blank with the exact biological term.
  
  1) Term for this definition: **null model where allele frequencies remain constant**
  2) Term for this definition: **random allele frequency change strongest in small populations**
  3) Term for this definition: **allele movement among populations through migration**

Natural Selection and Adaptation: AP Review

  **Part 7 of 7**
  
  In this lesson, you will connect mechanism-level biology to exam-ready reasoning through AP synthesis on mechanism and evidence.
  
  ### Worked biological example
  A student team investigates AP synthesis on mechanism and evidence. Their first interpretation step is to identify how **genetic drift** and **gene flow** work together in the same pathway.
  
  - They classify the primary signal using **genetic drift**: random allele frequency change strongest in small populations.
  - They trace the downstream response using **gene flow**: allele movement among populations through migration.
  - They then compare outcomes with **evolution** and **natural selection** to separate mechanism from correlation.
  
  ### Key terms for this part
  - **genetic drift**
  - **gene flow**
  - **evolution**
  - **natural selection**

Checkpoint MCQ (2 questions)

Deep-Dive Map: AP Review

  Use this diagram-style summary to track causation and evidence.
  
  #### Flow logic
  - **Signal/Input** → genetic drift
  - **Immediate processing** → gene flow
  - **System-level consequence** → evolution
  - **Measured readout** → natural selection
  
  #### Mechanism table
  | Component | Biological role | Typical evidence pattern |
  |---|---|---|
  | genetic drift | random allele frequency change strongest in small populations | Early shift in the primary variable |
  | gene flow | allele movement among populations through migration | Mid-pathway change in process rate |
  | evolution | change in population allele frequencies over generations | Downstream phenotype trend |
  | natural selection | differential survival and reproduction tied to heritable variation | Quantifiable endpoint in data summary |
  
  #### Reasoning checkpoints
  1. Name the mechanism before describing the trend line.
  2. Separate proximate mechanism from ecological or historical context.
  3. Verify that each claim is tied to a measurable biological readout.

Input Practice — concrete vocabulary retrieval

  Fill in each blank with the exact biological term.
  
  1) Term for this definition: **random allele frequency change strongest in small populations**
  2) Term for this definition: **allele movement among populations through migration**
  3) Term for this definition: **change in population allele frequencies over generations**