## Mendel's Laws

Part 1 of 7 — Mendel's Laws

1. Law of Segregation: two alleles separate during gamete formation
2. Law of Independent Assortment: genes on different chromosomes sort independently
3. Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles
4. Mendel's experimental approach with pea plants

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### Key Details

• Law of Segregation: two alleles separate during gamete formation
• Law of Independent Assortment: genes on different chromosomes sort independently
• Dominant alleles mask recessive alleles
• Mendel's experimental approach with pea plants

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## Monohybrid Crosses

Part 2 of 7 — Monohybrid Crosses

1. Punnett squares for single-gene crosses
2. Genotypic ratio: 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
3. Phenotypic ratio: 3 dominant : 1 recessive
4. Test cross: cross with homozygous recessive to determine genotype

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### Key Details

• Punnett squares for single-gene crosses
• Genotypic ratio: 1 AA : 2 Aa : 1 aa
• Phenotypic ratio: 3 dominant : 1 recessive
• Test cross: cross with homozygous recessive to determine genotype

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## Dihybrid Crosses

Part 3 of 7 — Dihybrid Crosses

1. Two-gene Punnett square (4×4 = 16 outcomes)
2. Expected phenotypic ratio: 9:3:3:1
3. AaBb × AaBb cross
4. Deviation from 9:3:3:1 suggests gene linkage

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### Key Details

• Two-gene Punnett square (4×4 = 16 outcomes)
• Expected phenotypic ratio: 9:3:3:1
• AaBb × AaBb cross
• Deviation from 9:3:3:1 suggests gene linkage

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## Pedigree Analysis

Part 4 of 7 — Pedigree Analysis

1. Circles = females, squares = males
2. Filled = affected, open = unaffected
3. Autosomal dominant: affected in every generation
4. Autosomal recessive: can skip generations, carrier parents

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### Key Details

• Circles = females, squares = males
• Filled = affected, open = unaffected
• Autosomal dominant: affected in every generation
• Autosomal recessive: can skip generations, carrier parents

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## Chi-Square Analysis

Part 5 of 7 — Chi-Square Analysis

1. Tests if observed data fits expected ratios
2. χ² = Σ (observed - expected)² / expected
3. Degrees of freedom = categories - 1
4. p < 0.05: reject null hypothesis (results differ significantly)

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### Key Details

• Tests if observed data fits expected ratios
• χ² = Σ (observed - expected)² / expected
• Degrees of freedom = categories - 1
• p < 0.05: reject null hypothesis (results differ significantly)

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## Mendelian Genetics: Problem-Solving Workshop

Part 6 of 7 — Problem-Solving

1. Solving Punnett square problems
2. Determining inheritance patterns from pedigrees
3. Performing chi-square calculations
4. Predicting offspring ratios

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### Key Details

• Solving Punnett square problems
• Determining inheritance patterns from pedigrees
• Performing chi-square calculations
• Predicting offspring ratios

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## Mendelian Genetics: Synthesis & AP Review

Part 7 of 7 — Synthesis & AP Review

1. Mendel's laws and chromosome behavior
2. Probability in genetics
3. Chi-square on the AP exam
4. Connecting genetics to evolution

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### Key Details

• Mendel's laws and chromosome behavior
• Probability in genetics
• Chi-square on the AP exam
• Connecting genetics to evolution

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