## Why Regulate Genes?

Part 1 of 7 — Why Regulate Genes?

1. All cells have same DNA but different functions
2. Gene regulation determines cell specialization
3. Saves energy by producing only needed proteins
4. Responds to environmental signals

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### Key Details

• All cells have same DNA but different functions
• Gene regulation determines cell specialization
• Saves energy by producing only needed proteins
• Responds to environmental signals

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## Prokaryotic Regulation (Operons)

Part 2 of 7 — Prokaryotic Regulation (Operons)

1. Operon: promoter + operator + structural genes
2. lac operon: inducible (lactose present → genes ON)
3. trp operon: repressible (tryptophan present → genes OFF)
4. Regulatory gene encodes repressor protein

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### Key Details

• Operon: promoter + operator + structural genes
• lac operon: inducible (lactose present → genes ON)
• trp operon: repressible (tryptophan present → genes OFF)
• Regulatory gene encodes repressor protein

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## Eukaryotic Transcription Factors

Part 3 of 7 — Eukaryotic Transcription Factors

1. Transcription factors bind to enhancers/promoters
2. Activators increase transcription
3. Repressors decrease transcription
4. Combinatorial control: multiple factors needed

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### Key Details

• Transcription factors bind to enhancers/promoters
• Activators increase transcription
• Repressors decrease transcription
• Combinatorial control: multiple factors needed

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## Epigenetics

Part 4 of 7 — Epigenetics

1. DNA methylation: silences genes (adds CH₃ groups)
2. Histone modification: acetylation loosens chromatin (genes ON)
3. Heritable changes without DNA sequence changes
4. Environmental factors can cause epigenetic changes

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### Key Details

• DNA methylation: silences genes (adds CH₃ groups)
• Histone modification: acetylation loosens chromatin (genes ON)
• Heritable changes without DNA sequence changes
• Environmental factors can cause epigenetic changes

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## RNA Interference

Part 5 of 7 — RNA Interference

1. Small RNA molecules (miRNA, siRNA) silence genes
2. miRNA binds complementary mRNA → blocks translation
3. siRNA triggers mRNA degradation
4. Post-transcriptional regulation

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### Key Details

• Small RNA molecules (miRNA, siRNA) silence genes
• miRNA binds complementary mRNA → blocks translation
• siRNA triggers mRNA degradation
• Post-transcriptional regulation

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## Gene Regulation: Problem-Solving Workshop

Part 6 of 7 — Problem-Solving

1. Predicting gene expression in different conditions
2. Analyzing operon diagrams
3. Connecting regulation to differentiation
4. Evaluating epigenetic effects

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### Key Details

• Predicting gene expression in different conditions
• Analyzing operon diagrams
• Connecting regulation to differentiation
• Evaluating epigenetic effects

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## Gene Regulation: Synthesis & AP Review

Part 7 of 7 — Synthesis & AP Review

1. Regulation at every level: DNA → RNA → protein
2. Dysregulation and disease (cancer)
3. Operons on the AP exam
4. Epigenetics as a growing field

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### Key Details

• Regulation at every level: DNA → RNA → protein
• Dysregulation and disease (cancer)
• Operons on the AP exam
• Epigenetics as a growing field

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