Organic Chemistry
Master organic molecular structure, functional groups, reaction mechanisms, synthesis strategies, and spectroscopy.
Atomic structure, bonding, molecular representations, and acid-base chemistry
Atomic Structure & Bonding
Atomic orbitals, Lewis structures, hybridization, molecular orbital theory, and bond polarity
Molecular Representations
Condensed and skeletal structures, functional groups, isomers, degrees of unsaturation, and intermolecular forces
Acids & Bases in Organic Chemistry
Brønsted-Lowry and Lewis acid-base theory, pKa, factors affecting acidity, and predicting reactions
Alkane nomenclature, conformational analysis, chirality, and stereoisomers
SN1, SN2, E1, E2 mechanisms and their competition
Reactions of alkenes and alkynes, radical mechanisms
Alkene Reactions
Electrophilic addition, Markovnikov/anti-Markovnikov, hydroboration-oxidation, oxidation, and reduction
Alkynes & Synthesis
Alkyne acidity, acetylide chemistry, addition reactions, selective reduction, and synthesis strategies
Radical Reactions
Radical halogenation, selectivity, anti-Markovnikov HBr addition, and radical stability
Alcohol and ether chemistry, IR, mass spectrometry, and NMR
Alcohols & Ethers
Alcohol synthesis and reactions, oxidation, Williamson ether synthesis, and epoxide ring-opening
IR & Mass Spectrometry
IR spectroscopy fundamentals, key absorptions, mass spectrometry, and fragmentation patterns
NMR Spectroscopy
¹H NMR chemical shift, integration, splitting, ¹³C NMR, and structure determination
Aromaticity, conjugation, and electrophilic aromatic substitution
Conjugated Systems & Dienes
Conjugation, 1,2- vs 1,4-addition, Diels-Alder reaction, MO theory, and UV-Vis spectroscopy
Aromatic Compounds & Benzene
Aromaticity, Hückel's rule, benzene structure, nomenclature, and aromatic vs antiaromatic
Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution
EAS mechanism, halogenation, nitration, Friedel-Crafts, directing effects, and multi-step synthesis
Aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and their derivatives
Aldehydes & Ketones
Nucleophilic addition, Grignard reactions, reduction/oxidation, and acetals
Carboxylic Acids & Derivatives
Nucleophilic acyl substitution, acid chlorides, anhydrides, esters, amides, and interconversion
Enolate Chemistry
Keto-enol tautomerism, enolate formation, aldol reaction, Claisen condensation, Michael, and Robinson reactions
Amine chemistry, carbohydrates, amino acids, lipids, and nucleic acids
Amines & Nitrogen Compounds
Amine classification, basicity, synthesis, reactions, and diazonium chemistry
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharide structure, Fischer/Haworth projections, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
Amino Acids & Proteins
Amino acid structure, acid-base properties, peptide bonds, protein structure levels, and reactions
Lipids & Nucleic Acids
Fatty acids, triglycerides, phospholipids, terpenes, steroids, nucleotides, and DNA/RNA