Units: 1 farad (F) = 1 coulomb/volt

Parallel Plate Capacitor

Area $A$, separation $d$:

$E = \frac{\sigma}{\epsilon_0} = \frac{Q}{\epsilon_0 A}$

$V = Ed = \frac{Qd}{\epsilon_0 A}$

$C = \frac{Q}{V} = \frac{\epsilon_0 A}{d}$

Other Geometries

Cylindrical Capacitor

Inner radius $a$, outer radius $b$, length $L$:

$C = \frac{2\pi\epsilon_0 L}{\ln(b/a)}$

Spherical Capacitor

Inner radius $a$, outer radius $b$:

$C = 4\pi\epsilon_0\frac{ab}{b-a}$

Isolated Sphere

Radius $R$ (other conductor at infinity):

$C = 4\pi\epsilon_0 R$

Capacitors in Series

Same charge $Q$ on each:

$\frac{1}{C_{eq}} = \frac{1}{C_1} + \frac{1}{C_2} + \cdots$

Two capacitors: $C_{eq} = \frac{C_1C_2}{C_1 + C_2}$

Capacitors in Parallel

Same voltage $V$ across each:

$C_{eq} = C_1 + C_2 + \cdots$

Energy Stored in Capacitor

Work to charge capacitor:

$W = \int_0^Q V \, dq = \int_0^Q \frac{q}{C} \, dq = \frac{Q^2}{2C}$

Energy: $U = \frac{1}{2}\frac{Q^2}{C} = \frac{1}{2}CV^2 = \frac{1}{2}QV$

Energy density (parallel plate): $u = \frac{U}{Ad} = \frac{1}{2}\epsilon_0 E^2$

Dielectrics

Insulating material inserted between plates:

Dielectric constant: $\kappa$ (or $K$)

With dielectric:

• Capacitance: $C = \kappa C_0$
• Electric field: $E = E_0/\kappa$
• Potential: $V = V_0/\kappa$ (if charge constant)

Permittivity of material: $\epsilon = \kappa\epsilon_0$

Modified equations: $C = \frac{\kappa\epsilon_0 A}{d}$

$u = \frac{1}{2}\kappa\epsilon_0 E^2$

Dielectric Breakdown

Maximum field before dielectric breaks down:

Air: ~$3 \times 10^6$ V/m

Different materials have different breakdown strengths.

Gauss's Law with Dielectrics

$\oint \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{A} = \frac{Q_{free}}{\kappa\epsilon_0}$

or using electric displacement $\vec{D} = \kappa\epsilon_0\vec{E}$:

$\oint \vec{D} \cdot d\vec{A} = Q_{free}$

Polarization

Dielectric polarizes in electric field:

Polarization: $\vec{P} = \kappa\epsilon_0(\kappa - 1)\vec{E}$

Bound surface charge: $\sigma_b = P$

This reduces net field inside dielectric.

Energy with Dielectric

If dielectric inserted with:

Constant charge: $U_f = U_i/\kappa$ (energy decreases)

Constant voltage: $U_f = \kappa U_i$ (energy increases)

Force on dielectric:

Dielectric pulled into capacitor (lower energy state).