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Analyze paired data using the paired t-test and matched pairs designs.
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Use a paired t-test when:
Calculate differences: (or )
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Avoid these 3 frequent errors
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State hypotheses about the mean difference :
Compute:
Test statistic:
| Feature | Paired | Two-Sample |
|---|---|---|
| Data structure | Natural pairing exists | Independent groups |
| Examples | Before/after, twins, left/right | Men vs. women, drug vs. placebo (different people) |
| Analyze | Differences | Separate groups |
| Advantage | Controls for subject variability | Simpler design |
Pairing reduces variability by controlling for individual differences. Each subject serves as their own control, so person-to-person variation is removed.
Example: Testing a new study method
AP Tip: If the data has a natural pairing, you MUST use a paired t-test. Using a two-sample t-test on paired data is incorrect and will cost points.