Molecular Representations

⚗️ Molecular Representations

Part 1 of 7 — Condensed & Skeletal Structures

1. Condensed formulas

CH₃CH₂OH

2. Skeletal (line-angle) structures

zigzag lines

3. Each vertex = carbon, hydrogens are implied

Each vertex = carbon, hydrogens are implied

4. Wedge-dash notation for 3D representation

Wedge-dash notation for 3D representation

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Key Concepts Summary

• Condensed formulas: CH₃CH₂OH
• Skeletal (line-angle) structures: zigzag lines
• Each vertex = carbon, hydrogens are implied
• Wedge-dash notation for 3D representation

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Functional Groups

Part 2 of 7 — Functional Groups

1. Functional group determines reactivity

Functional group determines reactivity

2. Hydroxyl (-OH)

alcohols

3. Carbonyl (C=O)

aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids

4. Amino (-NH₂)

amines; Halide (-X): alkyl halides

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Key Concepts Summary

• Functional group determines reactivity
• Hydroxyl (-OH): alcohols
• Carbonyl (C=O): aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids
• Amino (-NH₂): amines; Halide (-X): alkyl halides

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Constitutional Isomers

Part 3 of 7 — Constitutional Isomers

1. Constitutional (structural) isomers

same formula, different connectivity

2. Example

C₄H₁₀ → butane and isobutane

3. More carbons → more possible isomers

More carbons → more possible isomers

4. Isomers have different physical and chemical properties

Isomers have different physical and chemical properties

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Key Concepts Summary

• Constitutional (structural) isomers: same formula, different connectivity
• Example: C₄H₁₀ → butane and isobutane
• More carbons → more possible isomers
• Isomers have different physical and chemical properties

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Degrees of Unsaturation

Part 4 of 7 — Degrees of Unsaturation

1. Degrees of unsaturation (DoU) = (2C + 2 + N - H - X) / 2

Degrees of unsaturation (DoU) = (2C + 2 + N - H - X) / 2

2. 1 DoU = one ring OR one double bond

1 DoU = one ring OR one double bond

3. 2 DoU = two double bonds, one triple bond, or ring + double bond

2 DoU = two double bonds, one triple bond, or ring + double bond

4. Benzene ring = 4 DoU

Benzene ring = 4 DoU

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Key Concepts Summary

• Degrees of unsaturation (DoU) = (2C + 2 + N - H - X) / 2
• 1 DoU = one ring OR one double bond
• 2 DoU = two double bonds, one triple bond, or ring + double bond
• Benzene ring = 4 DoU

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Intermolecular Forces

Part 5 of 7 — Intermolecular Forces

1. London dispersion forces

all molecules, increases with size

2. Dipole-dipole

polar molecules

3. Hydrogen bonding

N-H, O-H, F-H (strongest IMF)

4. IMFs determine boiling point, solubility, viscosity

IMFs determine boiling point, solubility, viscosity

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Key Concepts Summary

• London dispersion forces: all molecules, increases with size
• Dipole-dipole: polar molecules
• Hydrogen bonding: N-H, O-H, F-H (strongest IMF)
• IMFs determine boiling point, solubility, viscosity

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Problem-Solving Workshop

Part 6 of 7 — Problem-Solving Workshop

1. Drawing and interpreting skeletal structures

Drawing and interpreting skeletal structures

2. Identifying functional groups

Identifying functional groups

3. Calculating degrees of unsaturation

Calculating degrees of unsaturation

4. Predicting physical properties from structure

Predicting physical properties from structure

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Key Concepts Summary

• Drawing and interpreting skeletal structures
• Identifying functional groups
• Calculating degrees of unsaturation
• Predicting physical properties from structure

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Synthesis & Review

Part 7 of 7 — Synthesis & Review

1. Molecular representation is the language of organic chemistry

Molecular representation is the language of organic chemistry

2. Functional groups predict reactivity patterns

Functional groups predict reactivity patterns

3. Isomers demonstrate structure-property relationships

Isomers demonstrate structure-property relationships

4. Review

reading and drawing organic structures

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Key Concepts Summary

• Molecular representation is the language of organic chemistry
• Functional groups predict reactivity patterns
• Isomers demonstrate structure-property relationships
• Review: reading and drawing organic structures

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