Lipids & Nucleic Acids

⚗️ Lipids Nucleic Acids

Part 1 of 7 — Fatty Acids & Triglycerides

1. Fatty acids

long-chain carboxylic acids (12-20 carbons)

2. Saturated

no double bonds; Unsaturated: cis double bonds

3. Triglycerides

glycerol + 3 fatty acids (ester bonds)

4. Saponification

fat + NaOH → glycerol + soap (sodium carboxylate)

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Key Concepts Summary

• Fatty acids: long-chain carboxylic acids (12-20 carbons)
• Saturated: no double bonds; Unsaturated: cis double bonds
• Triglycerides: glycerol + 3 fatty acids (ester bonds)
• Saponification: fat + NaOH → glycerol + soap (sodium carboxylate)

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Phospholipids & Membranes

Part 2 of 7 — Phospholipids & Membranes

1. Phospholipids

glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate head group

2. Amphipathic

hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tails

3. Form bilayers spontaneously in water

Form bilayers spontaneously in water

4. Cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer + proteins + cholesterol

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Key Concepts Summary

• Phospholipids: glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate head group
• Amphipathic: hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tails
• Form bilayers spontaneously in water
• Cell membrane: phospholipid bilayer + proteins + cholesterol

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Terpenes & Steroids

Part 3 of 7 — Terpenes & Steroids

1. Terpenes

built from isoprene units (C₅H₈)

2. Monoterpenes (C₁₀), sesquiterpenes (C₁₅), diterpenes (C₂₀)

Monoterpenes (C₁₀), sesquiterpenes (C₁₅), diterpenes (C₂₀)

3. Steroids

four fused rings (A, B, C, D)

4. Cholesterol → steroid hormones (testosterone, estradiol, cortisol)

Cholesterol → steroid hormones (testosterone, estradiol, cortisol)

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Key Concepts Summary

• Terpenes: built from isoprene units (C₅H₈)
• Monoterpenes (C₁₀), sesquiterpenes (C₁₅), diterpenes (C₂₀)
• Steroids: four fused rings (A, B, C, D)
• Cholesterol → steroid hormones (testosterone, estradiol, cortisol)

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Nucleotide Structure

Part 4 of 7 — Nucleotide Structure

1. Nucleotides

base + sugar + phosphate

2. Purines (A, G)

two fused rings; Pyrimidines (C, T, U): one ring

3. DNA

deoxyribose + A, G, C, T

4. RNA

ribose + A, G, C, U

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Key Concepts Summary

• Nucleotides: base + sugar + phosphate
• Purines (A, G): two fused rings; Pyrimidines (C, T, U): one ring
• DNA: deoxyribose + A, G, C, T
• RNA: ribose + A, G, C, U

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Nucleic Acid Chemistry

Part 5 of 7 — Nucleic Acid Chemistry

1. Phosphodiester bonds link nucleotides 3' → 5'

Phosphodiester bonds link nucleotides 3' → 5'

2. Base pairing

A=T (2 H-bonds), G≡C (3 H-bonds)

3. Double helix

antiparallel strands

4. Denaturation and renaturation of DNA

Denaturation and renaturation of DNA

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Key Concepts Summary

• Phosphodiester bonds link nucleotides 3' → 5'
• Base pairing: A=T (2 H-bonds), G≡C (3 H-bonds)
• Double helix: antiparallel strands
• Denaturation and renaturation of DNA

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Problem-Solving Workshop

Part 6 of 7 — Problem-Solving Workshop

1. Identifying lipid types from structure

Identifying lipid types from structure

2. Drawing nucleotide structures

Drawing nucleotide structures

3. Predicting membrane behavior

Predicting membrane behavior

4. Analyzing saponification reactions

Analyzing saponification reactions

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Key Concepts Summary

• Identifying lipid types from structure
• Drawing nucleotide structures
• Predicting membrane behavior
• Analyzing saponification reactions

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Synthesis & Review

Part 7 of 7 — Synthesis & Review

1. Lipids and nucleic acids are essential biomolecules

Lipids and nucleic acids are essential biomolecules

2. Organic chemistry explains biological structure and function

Organic chemistry explains biological structure and function

3. Spectroscopy can identify these molecules

Spectroscopy can identify these molecules

4. Review

biochemistry through the organic lens

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Key Concepts Summary

• Lipids and nucleic acids are essential biomolecules
• Organic chemistry explains biological structure and function
• Spectroscopy can identify these molecules
• Review: biochemistry through the organic lens

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