where:

• $PE_g$ (or $U_g$) = gravitational potential energy (J)
• $m$ = mass (kg)
• $g$ = gravitational field strength = 9.8 m/s² (on Earth)
• $h$ = height above reference point (m)

Key Concepts

1. Reference Point (Zero Level)

• You must choose where $h = 0$ (the reference point)
• Common choices: ground, floor, table top, lowest point in motion
• PE is relative to this choice
• Different reference points give different PE values, but changes in PE ($\Delta PE$) are the same!

2. Only Changes in PE Matter

For energy problems, what matters is:

$\Delta PE = mg\Delta h = mg(h_f - h_i)$

The actual value of PE depends on your reference choice, but $\Delta PE$ does not.

3. Sign of PE Change

• Increase height → $\Delta PE > 0$ (gain PE)
• Decrease height → $\Delta PE < 0$ (lose PE)

Relationship to Work

Work done by gravity:

$W_g = -\Delta PE = -mg\Delta h$

The negative sign appears because:

• If object goes up: gravity does negative work, PE increases
• If object goes down: gravity does positive work, PE decreases

Alternatively, work done against gravity:

$W_{against\,g} = \Delta PE = mg\Delta h$

This is the work you must do to lift an object.

Conservative Forces

Gravity is a conservative force because:

1. Work is path-independent - Only start and end heights matter, not the path taken
2. PE can be defined - Conservative forces have associated potential energies
3. Energy is conserved - Can convert between KE and PE

Path Independence

Whether you:

• Lift straight up
• Take a ramp
• Take a complicated winding path

The work done against gravity is the same: $W = mgh$ (for same height change).

Examples with Different Reference Points

Scenario: A 2 kg book on a table 1 m high.

Reference 1: Floor is $h = 0$

$PE = mgh = (2)(9.8)(1) = 19.6 \text{ J}$

Reference 2: Table is $h = 0$

$PE = mgh = (2)(9.8)(0) = 0 \text{ J}$

Reference 3: Floor is $h = -1$ m (table at $h = 0$)

$PE = mg(-1) = -19.6 \text{ J}$

All valid! But if the book falls to the floor:

$\Delta PE = 0 - 19.6 = -19.6 \text{ J (all three methods)}$

When Can We Use $PE = mgh$?

This formula is valid when:

• Near Earth's surface ($g \approx$ constant)
• Height change is small compared to Earth's radius

For satellites or large heights, use:

$PE = -\frac{GMm}{r}$

(This gives PE = 0 at $r = \infty$)

⚠️ Common Mistakes

Mistake 1: Forgetting to Choose Reference

❌ Wrong: "The PE is 100 J" (without stating reference) ✅ Right: "The PE is 100 J above the ground" or "relative to the floor"

Mistake 2: Thinking PE is Always Positive

PE can be negative if you're below your reference point. This is fine!

Mistake 3: Confusing PE with Work

• PE is energy an object has (due to position)
• Work is energy transferred (by a force through displacement)
• Related by: $W_g = -\Delta PE$

Mistake 4: Using Wrong Height

Use vertical height change, not distance along a ramp!

If sliding 5 m down a 30° ramp:

• Distance along ramp: $d = 5$ m
• Vertical drop: $h = 5\sin(30°) = 2.5$ m
• Use $h = 2.5$ m for PE!

Problem-Solving Strategy

1. Choose a reference point where $h = 0$
2. Identify initial and final heights above reference
3. Calculate initial PE: $PE_i = mgh_i$
4. Calculate final PE: $PE_f = mgh_f$
5. Find change: $\Delta PE = PE_f - PE_i = mg(h_f - h_i)$

Or directly: $\Delta PE = mg\Delta h$

Applications

Hydroelectric Dams

Water at height $h$ has PE. When it falls, PE converts to KE, which turns turbines.

Roller Coasters

PE at the top of hills converts to KE on descents. Highest hill must have most PE to complete the circuit.

Pendulums

Continuous conversion between PE (at extremes) and KE (at bottom).

Falling Objects

As object falls, PE decreases and KE increases by the same amount (if no air resistance).

Key Formulas Summary

Find: Gravitational potential energy

Solution:

Use the gravitational PE formula:

$PE_g = mgh$

$PE_g = (0.5)(9.8)(2)$

$PE_g = 9.8 \text{ J}$

Answer: The gravitational potential energy is 9.8 J relative to the ground.

Note: If we chose a different reference (say, the 2 m height as $h = 0$), the PE would be 0 J at that point. But changes in PE would be the same!