Exponent Rules

What are Exponents?

An exponent (or power) tells how many times to multiply a number by itself.

Notation: bⁿ

• b is the base
• n is the exponent (or power)

Examples:

• 2³ = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
• x⁴ = x × x × x × x
• 5² = 5 × 5 = 25

Understanding the Meaning

Positive Integer Exponents: xⁿ means multiply x by itself n times

• x¹ = x (just one x)
• x² = x × x (x squared)
• x³ = x × x × x (x cubed)
• x⁴ = x × x × x × x (x to the fourth)

The Product Rule

When multiplying with the same base, add the exponents.

Rule: xᵃ · xᵇ = xᵃ⁺ᵇ

Why? x³ · x² = (x·x·x) · (x·x) = x⁵

Examples:

Example 1: x⁴ · x³ = x⁴⁺³ = x⁷

Example 2: 2³ · 2⁵ = 2³⁺⁵ = 2⁸ = 256

Example 3: a² · a⁷ · a = a² · a⁷ · a¹ = a²⁺⁷⁺¹ = a¹⁰

Example 4: 3x⁴ · 5x² = (3 · 5)(x⁴ · x²) = 15x⁶

Important: Bases must be the same! x³ · y² cannot be simplified using this rule

The Quotient Rule

When dividing with the same base, subtract the exponents.

Rule: xᵃ ÷ xᵇ = xᵃ⁻ᵇ (when a > b)

Why? x⁵/x² = (x·x·x·x·x)/(x·x) = x³

Examples:

Example 1: x⁷ ÷ x³ = x⁷⁻³ = x⁴

Example 2: 2⁸/2⁵ = 2⁸⁻⁵ = 2³ = 8

Example 3: a¹⁰/a⁴ = a¹⁰⁻⁴ = a⁶

Example 4: 12x⁵/3x² = (12/3)(x⁵/x²) = 4x³

The Power Rule

When raising a power to a power, multiply the exponents.

Rule: (xᵃ)ᵇ = xᵃᵇ

Why? (x²)³ = x² · x² · x² = x⁶

Examples:

Example 1: (x³)⁴ = x³ˣ⁴ = x¹²

Example 2: (a²)⁵ = a¹⁰

Example 3: (2³)² = 2⁶ = 64

Example 4: (y⁴)⁷ = y²⁸

Power of a Product

When raising a product to a power, raise each factor to that power.

Rule: (xy)ⁿ = xⁿyⁿ

Examples:

Example 1: (xy)³ = x³y³

Example 2: (2a)⁴ = 2⁴a⁴ = 16a⁴

Example 3: (3x²)³ = 3³(x²)³ = 27x⁶

Example 4: (-2ab)³ = (-2)³a³b³ = -8a³b³

Power of a Quotient

When raising a quotient to a power, raise both numerator and denominator to that power.

Rule: (x/y)ⁿ = xⁿ/yⁿ

Examples:

Example 1: (x/y)² = x²/y²

Example 2: (a/3)³ = a³/3³ = a³/27

Example 3: (2x/5)² = (2x)²/5² = 4x²/25

Example 4: (3a²/b)³ = (3a²)³/b³ = 27a⁶/b³

Zero Exponent

Any non-zero number raised to the power of zero equals 1.

Rule: x⁰ = 1 (where x ≠ 0)

Why? Using quotient rule: x³/x³ = x³⁻³ = x⁰ But x³/x³ = 1, so x⁰ = 1

Examples:

Example 1: 5⁰ = 1

Example 2: x⁰ = 1

Example 3: (3ab)⁰ = 1

Example 4: 7x⁰ = 7(1) = 7

Warning: 0⁰ is undefined!

Negative Exponents

A negative exponent means "reciprocal."

Rule: x⁻ⁿ = 1/xⁿ (where x ≠ 0)

Examples:

Example 1: x⁻³ = 1/x³

Example 2: 2⁻⁴ = 1/2⁴ = 1/16

Example 3: 5⁻² = 1/5² = 1/25

Example 4: (1/x)⁻² = x²

Rule for fractions: (a/b)⁻ⁿ = (b/a)ⁿ

Example: (2/3)⁻² = (3/2)² = 9/4

Moving Between Numerator and Denominator

Move a factor with an exponent by changing the sign of the exponent.

Examples:

Example 1: 1/x⁻³ = x³

Example 2: 2/x⁻² = 2x²

Example 3: x⁻⁴/y⁻² = y²/x⁴

Example 4: 3x⁻²y³ = 3y³/x²

Combining Multiple Rules

Most problems require using several rules together.

Example 1: Simplify (x²y³)⁴

= (x²)⁴(y³)⁴ [Power of product] = x⁸y¹²

Example 2: Simplify (2x³)²(3x⁴)

= 2²(x³)² · 3x⁴ [Power of product] = 4x⁶ · 3x⁴ = 12x¹⁰ [Product rule]

Example 3: Simplify (x⁵/x²)³

= (x⁵⁻²)³ [Quotient rule] = (x³)³ = x⁹ [Power rule]

Example 4: Simplify (2a³b⁻²)⁻³

= 2⁻³(a³)⁻³(b⁻²)⁻³ [Power of product] = (1/8)a⁻⁹b⁶ = b⁶/(8a⁹) [Negative exponent]

Simplifying Expressions with Exponents

Goal: Write with positive exponents, simplified completely.

Example 1: Simplify x⁻³ · x⁷

= x⁻³⁺⁷ [Product rule] = x⁴

Example 2: Simplify (3x⁻²y⁴)/(6x³y⁻¹)

= (3/6)(x⁻²/x³)(y⁴/y⁻¹) = (1/2)x⁻⁵y⁵ = y⁵/(2x⁵)

Example 3: Simplify (a²b⁻³c⁰)²

= (a²)²(b⁻³)²(c⁰)² = a⁴b⁻⁶ · 1 = a⁴/b⁶

Example 4: Simplify 10x⁵y⁻²/(2x⁻³y⁴)

= (10/2)(x⁵/x⁻³)(y⁻²/y⁴) = 5x⁸y⁻⁶ = 5x⁸/y⁶

Scientific Notation

Scientific notation uses powers of 10: a × 10ⁿ where 1 ≤ a < 10

Examples:

Example 1: 3,400 = 3.4 × 10³

Example 2: 0.0056 = 5.6 × 10⁻³

Example 3: 7,800,000 = 7.8 × 10⁶

Operations in Scientific Notation:

Multiplication: (2 × 10³)(3 × 10⁵) = 6 × 10⁸

Division: (8 × 10⁶)/(2 × 10²) = 4 × 10⁴

Common Mistakes to Avoid

1. Adding exponents when multiplying bases Wrong: 2³ · 3² = 6⁵ Right: 2³ · 3² = 8 · 9 = 72

2. Multiplying exponents with product rule Wrong: x³ · x² = x⁶ Right: x³ · x² = x⁵

3. Forgetting to distribute exponents Wrong: (2x)³ = 2x³ Right: (2x)³ = 8x³

4. Confusing negative exponent with negative number x⁻² ≠ -x² x⁻² = 1/x²

5. Thinking x⁰ = 0 Wrong: 5⁰ = 0 Right: 5⁰ = 1

6. Not simplifying negative exponents Leave answer as x⁻³ instead of 1/x³

Order of Operations with Exponents

Remember PEMDAS - exponents come before multiplication/division.

Example 1: Evaluate 2 · 3² = 2 · 9 = 18 NOT (2 · 3)² = 36

Example 2: Evaluate -2⁴ = -(2⁴) = -16 NOT (-2)⁴ = 16

Example 3: 3 + 2³ = 3 + 8 = 11

Properties Summary

| Rule | Formula | Example | |------|---------|---------| | Product | xᵃ · xᵇ = xᵃ⁺ᵇ | x² · x³ = x⁵ | | Quotient | xᵃ/xᵇ = xᵃ⁻ᵇ | x⁵/x² = x³ | | Power | (xᵃ)ᵇ = xᵃᵇ | (x²)³ = x⁶ | | Power of Product | (xy)ⁿ = xⁿyⁿ | (2x)³ = 8x³ | | Power of Quotient | (x/y)ⁿ = xⁿ/yⁿ | (x/2)² = x²/4 | | Zero | x⁰ = 1 | 7⁰ = 1 | | Negative | x⁻ⁿ = 1/xⁿ | 2⁻³ = 1/8 |

Practice Strategy

1. Master one rule at a time Practice each rule separately first

2. Recognize patterns Same base? Product or quotient rule Power to power? Power rule

3. Work step-by-step Don't skip steps when learning

4. Check your work Substitute numbers to verify

5. Practice mixed problems Real problems use multiple rules

6. Write exponents clearly Use proper notation to avoid errors

7. Simplify completely Final answer should have positive exponents only

Quick Checks

Is it simplified?

• ✓ All positive exponents (unless specifically asked for negative)
• ✓ No exponents on denominators that could be moved
• ✓ All like bases combined
• ✓ No parentheses with exponents that can be distributed
• ✓ Coefficients multiplied out