Alkanes & Cycloalkanes

⚗️ Alkanes Cycloalkanes

Part 1 of 7 — Nomenclature

1. IUPAC naming

find longest chain, number from end nearest substituent

2. Prefixes

meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-

3. Substituents listed alphabetically

Substituents listed alphabetically

4. Cycloalkanes

prefix "cyclo-" before alkane name

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Key Concepts Summary

• IUPAC naming: find longest chain, number from end nearest substituent
• Prefixes: meth-, eth-, prop-, but-, pent-, hex-
• Substituents listed alphabetically
• Cycloalkanes: prefix "cyclo-" before alkane name

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Conformational Analysis

Part 2 of 7 — Conformational Analysis

1. Newman projections

view along C-C bond

2. Staggered

60° dihedral angle (more stable)

3. Eclipsed

0° dihedral angle (less stable)

4. Anti conformation

substituents 180° apart (most stable)

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Key Concepts Summary

• Newman projections: view along C-C bond
• Staggered: 60° dihedral angle (more stable)
• Eclipsed: 0° dihedral angle (less stable)
• Anti conformation: substituents 180° apart (most stable)

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Cycloalkane Conformations

Part 3 of 7 — Cycloalkane Conformations

1. Cyclohexane

chair conformation is most stable

2. Axial and equatorial positions

Axial and equatorial positions

3. Ring flip

converts axial ↔ equatorial

4. Large substituents prefer equatorial position (less 1,3-diaxial strain)

Large substituents prefer equatorial position (less 1,3-diaxial strain)

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Key Concepts Summary

• Cyclohexane: chair conformation is most stable
• Axial and equatorial positions
• Ring flip: converts axial ↔ equatorial
• Large substituents prefer equatorial position (less 1,3-diaxial strain)

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Ring Strain

Part 4 of 7 — Ring Strain

1. Cyclopropane

highest ring strain (angle strain 60° vs 109.5°)

2. Cyclobutane

still significant strain

3. Cyclopentane

nearly strain-free

4. Cyclohexane

no angle strain (chair conformation)

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Key Concepts Summary

• Cyclopropane: highest ring strain (angle strain 60° vs 109.5°)
• Cyclobutane: still significant strain
• Cyclopentane: nearly strain-free
• Cyclohexane: no angle strain (chair conformation)

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Physical Properties

Part 5 of 7 — Physical Properties

1. Boiling point increases with molecular weight

Boiling point increases with molecular weight

2. Branching decreases boiling point (less surface area)

Branching decreases boiling point (less surface area)

3. Alkanes are nonpolar → insoluble in water

Alkanes are nonpolar → insoluble in water

4. London dispersion forces are primary IMF

London dispersion forces are primary IMF

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Key Concepts Summary

• Boiling point increases with molecular weight
• Branching decreases boiling point (less surface area)
• Alkanes are nonpolar → insoluble in water
• London dispersion forces are primary IMF

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Problem-Solving Workshop

Part 6 of 7 — Problem-Solving Workshop

1. Naming alkanes and cycloalkanes

Naming alkanes and cycloalkanes

2. Drawing Newman projections

Drawing Newman projections

3. Analyzing cyclohexane chair conformations

Analyzing cyclohexane chair conformations

4. Predicting most stable conformations

Predicting most stable conformations

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Key Concepts Summary

• Naming alkanes and cycloalkanes
• Drawing Newman projections
• Analyzing cyclohexane chair conformations
• Predicting most stable conformations

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Synthesis & Review

Part 7 of 7 — Synthesis & Review

1. Nomenclature is essential for communication

Nomenclature is essential for communication

2. Conformational analysis predicts stability

Conformational analysis predicts stability

3. Ring strain affects reactivity

Ring strain affects reactivity

4. Review

alkane naming and conformations

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Key Concepts Summary

• Nomenclature is essential for communication
• Conformational analysis predicts stability
• Ring strain affects reactivity
• Review: alkane naming and conformations

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